🍎 loves this coding problem

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This week’s problem is not hard to solve, but solving it in O(n) is a real challenge. Ready to it on? 😉

Here’s what to expect today:

• Top K Frequent Elements problem

• Kafka vs RabbitMQ

Read time: under 4 minutes

CODING CHALLENGE

Top K Frequent Elements

Given an integer array nums and an integer k, return the k most frequent elements. You may return the answer in any order.

Follow up: Your algorithm's time complexity must be better than O(n log n), where n is the array's size.

Example 1:

Input: nums = [1,1,1,2,2,3], k = 2
Output: [1,2]

Example 2:

Input: nums = [1], k = 1
Output: [1]

Solve the problem here before reading the solution.

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SOLUTION

To solve this problem efficiently, we'll use a combination of a hash map and a bucket sort approach. Here's the step-by-step process:

1. Count the frequency of each number using a hash map.

2. Create a list of buckets where the index represents the frequency.

3. Put numbers into their corresponding frequency buckets.

4. Collect the top k frequent elements from the highest frequency buckets.

This approach allows us to avoid sorting the entire array, which would take O(n log n) time. Instead, we can achieve a time complexity of O(n), where n is the number of elements in the input array.

SYSTEM DESIGN

Kafka vs RabbitMQ

Kafka and RabbitMQ are both popular message brokers, but they have different strengths and weaknesses. Let's compare them to see when to use each one.

Kafka is a log-based message broker, which means it stores messages in a persistent, ordered log on disk. This ensures durability and allows for replaying messages if needed. Kafka is used where order matters and messages need to be processed reliably, such as sensor metrics or database change data capture.

RabbitMQ is an in-memory message broker, meaning it primarily stores messages in memory for fast access and delivery. It focuses on maximizing throughput and delivering messages as quickly as possible, even if it means processing them out of order. This makes it a good choice for applications where order is less critical and speed is paramount, like video encoding or social media feed updates.

NEWS

This Week in the Tech World

OpenAI Raises $6.6B at $157B Valuation: OpenAI closed a massive funding round led by Thrive Capital, with Microsoft and Nvidia participating. The AI company now has 250 million weekly active ChatGPT users and expects $11.6B revenue in 2025.

India to Make First Chip in Two Years: India's Commerce Minister announced plans to fabricate the country's first semiconductor chip within two years. U.S. chipmakers like Nvidia and AMD are expanding operations in India.

Airport Wi-Fi "Evil Twin" Attacks on Rise: Cybersecurity experts warn of increasing "evil twin" attacks on public Wi-Fi, especially in airports. Hackers use miniaturized technology to create fake networks and steal credentials.

Meta Rehired Stalker, Faces Lawsuit: A Meta employee sued the company for negligence after it rehired a former staffer who had stalked him. The lawsuit claims Meta's hiring practices became "chaotic" after layoffs in its recruitment team.

Robinhood Launches Crypto Transfers in EU: Robinhood now allows European users to transfer cryptocurrencies in and out of its app. The move expands the company's crypto capabilities as it pushes for international growth.

Meta's Orion AR Glasses Prototype Debuts: Meta unveiled its lightweight Orion augmented reality glasses prototype. The glasses can overlay digital graphics onto the real world and represent a step towards Meta's vision of the metaverse.

Windows 11 Update Boosts Performance: Microsoft released a new Windows 11 update with improved Wi-Fi, energy management, and file compression. The update aims to enhance basic PC functions and user experience.

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Sahil + Sarra