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This week’s coding challenge will test your Maths skills. Let’s see if you can solve it.

Today we will cover:

• Missing Number

• How to handle network failures

Read time: under 4 minutes

CODING CHALLENGE

Missing Number

Given an array nums containing n distinct numbers in the range [0, n], return the only number in the range that is missing from the array.

Example 1:

Input: nums = [3,0,1]
Output: 2
Explanation:
n = 3 since there are 3 numbers, so all numbers are in the range [0,3]. 2 is the missing number in the range since it does not appear in nums.

Example 2:

Input: nums = [0,1]
Output: 2
Explanation:
n = 2 since there are 2 numbers, so all numbers are in the range [0,2]. 2 is the missing number in the range since it does not appear in nums.

Solve the problem here before reading the solution.

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SOLUTION

To find the missing number, we can use the mathematical formula for the sum of first n numbers.

The expected sum of numbers from 0 to n is n*(n+1)/2. By subtracting the actual sum of numbers in the array from this expected sum, we get the missing number.

This approach is efficient as it only requires one pass through the array to calculate the actual sum.

Time complexity is O(n) as we need to iterate through the array once.

Space complexity is O(1) as we only use a few variables.

SYSTEM DESIGN

How to handle network failures

When network issues prevent servers from communicating with each other, your system needs to handle this gracefully. This is where partition tolerance comes in.

A network partition happens when some servers in your distributed system can't talk to others. Imagine you have servers in two data centers - US and Europe. If the connection between these data centers fails, you have a network partition. The servers still work, but they can't communicate across regions.

There are two main approaches to handle network partitions: CP (Consistent and Partition Tolerant) and AP (Available and Partition Tolerant).

CP systems prioritize consistency. When a partition occurs, they block operations that could make data inconsistent. For example, if you're running an online banking system, you might prefer to show an error message rather than risk showing incorrect account balances.

AP systems prioritize availability. They continue operating during partitions, even if it means data might temporarily be inconsistent. Social media platforms often choose this approach. If you can't post updates for a few minutes, that's better than the entire system being unavailable.

To detect network partitions, systems use heartbeat mechanisms. Each server regularly sends small messages saying "I'm alive" to other servers. If these messages stop arriving, the system assumes there's a partition.

Modern systems often use a quorum-based approach. Instead of requiring all servers to agree, decisions can be made if a majority (quorum) of servers agree. This helps systems stay operational even when some servers are unreachable.

Here's a comparison of CP vs AP systems:

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This Week in the Tech World

​Gemini 2.5 Pro: Google has unveiled Gemini 2.5 Pro, its most advanced AI model to date. Gemini 2.5 Pro has enhanced reasoning and coding capabilities. This model supports multimodal inputs - including text, audio, images, and video. It offers a 1 million token context window, with plans to expand to 2 million. Gemini 2.5 Pro is now accessible in Google AI Studio and the Gemini app for Advanced users.

Nvidia Unveils Next-Generation AI Chips: At its annual conference, Nvidia announced Blackwell Ultra and Vera Rubin chips, pushing the boundaries of AI computing capabilities. The new chips promise significant performance improvements and are part of Nvidia's strategy to maintain its leadership in the AI hardware market.

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Google Enhances Health Search with AI: The tech giant introduced new AI-powered health search features, including a "What People Suggest" tool that allows patients to compare experiences. Google is expanding its health-related knowledge panels and leveraging AI to provide more comprehensive and personalized health information.

U.S. Tech Crackdown: The Commerce Department has added 80 organizations to its export blacklist, with over 50 Chinese firms targeted for AI and advanced computing technologies. The move aims to curtail Beijing's capabilities in artificial intelligence and high-performance computing.

Waymo Expands Robotaxi Service: Alphabet's autonomous driving company Waymo announced it will launch its robotaxi service in Washington, D.C. in 2026. The expansion follows a successful year of over 4 million paid autonomous rides in other cities, positioning Waymo as a leader in the self-driving market.

SoftBank Invests in AI Chip Technology: The Japanese tech giant will acquire Ampere Computing, a chip design startup, for $6.5 billion. The acquisition deepens SoftBank's commitment to AI infrastructure and semiconductor innovation.

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